Transcription of DNA into RNA, enzymatic reactions, RNA, RNA degradation-MedicalTone

 

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transcription-of-dna-into-rna-medicaltone

Transcription of DNA into RNA, enzymatic reactions, RNA, RNA degradation

  • Transcription
    1. Initiation: promoter recognition, closed complex, open complex.
      • Promoter:
        • Prokaryotic: ←upstream, -35 region, Pribnow box, transcription start site (TSS, +1), downstream→
        • Eukaryotic: ←upstream, several upstream elements, TATA box, initiator element containing TSS (+1), downstream→
        • The high A-T composition in promoters facilitate unwinding of DNA.
        • Template strand = antisense strand = (-) strand = noncoding strand = the DNA strand that serves as the template for transcription.
        • Nontemplate strand = sense strand = (+) strand = coding strand = the DNA strand having the same sequence as the transcribed RNA.
          • Binding to promoter:
            • Prokaryotic:
              • holoenzyme = core enzyme (polymerase activity) + σ-subunit (promoter and strand specificity).
              • binding first forms the closed complex, and then DNA opens up, forms the open complex.
            • Eukaryotic:
              • A whole bunch of transcription factors (TFs) involved in promoter recognition, binding, and openning up DNA.
              • TBP = Tata binding protein. TAF = TBP associated factor.
              • Phosphorylation of Pol II C-terminal domain (CTD) opens DNA up, forms the open complex.
            • Polymerase must transcribe using the correct template strand. The σ-factor (prokaryotes) and TFs (eukaryotes) tell the RNA polymerase to bind the coding strand, while using the template strand as the template.
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    2. Elongation:
      • Polymerases:
        • Prokaryotes have just one.
        • Eukaryotes have three:
          • 1. RNA Pol I: makes rRNA (except the small 5S rRNA that resembles a tRNA in size).
          • 2. RNA Pol II: makes mRNA.
          • 3. RNA Pol III: makes tRNA (and 5S rRNA).
      • Incorporation of NTPs.
      • Prokaryotes lose σ-subunit. Eukaryotes lose TFs.
      • Topoisomerases relaxing supercoils ahead and behind the polymerase.
      • Transcription-coupled repair: RNA Pol II encounters DNA damage, backs up, TFIIH comes along, recruits repair enzymes. Defective TFIIH → faulty transcription-coupled repair → Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome (skin sensitive to sunlight radiation in both diseases).
    3. Termination
      • Prokaryotic:
        • Intrinsic termination: GC hairpin (stalls polymerase) followed by poly U (slips off).
        • Rho-dependent termination: ρ protein catches up to polymerase when it stalls at the hairpin, and bumps it off.
      • Eukaryotic:
        • Termination consensus sequence reached (AAUAAA).
        • Polymerase released somewhere further downstream to the consensus sequence.
  • RNA
    • 1. RNA = ribonucleic acid, has 2’-OH.
    • 2. rRNA = ribosomal RNA
      • Most abundant (r for rampant).
      • Catalyzes peptide bond formation in the ribosome.
    • 3. mRNA = messenger RNA
      • Longest (m for massive).
      • Contains sequence of codons for translation.
      • RNA splicing
        • pre-mRNA need to be processed.
        • Introns = interfering sequences, cut out.
        • Exons = spliced together.
        • RNA splicing proceeds via a lariat intermediate, by the action of the spliceosome (snRNPs), introns released in lariat form.
        • Some RNA can self splice.
    • 4. tRNA = transfer RNA
      • Smallest (t for tiny).
      • Contains anticodon.
      • Shuttles the correct amino acid to the correct codon during translation.
    • 5. snRNPs (snurps) = RNA + protein, involved in RNA splicing.
  • RNA degradation
    • RNases degrade RNA.
    • Post-transcriptional modifications protect RNA from degradation (5’ cap and polyA tail)
    • 2’-O-methylation prevents that position from attacking the RNA backbone.

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